霍金著作书籍有什么（伟大的物理学家宇宙学家斯蒂芬.威廉.霍金）
♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥The great physicist and cosmologist Stephen William Hawking斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金（Stephen William Hawking，1942年1月8日—2018年3月14日），出生于英国牛津，理论物理学家，宇宙学家，科学思想家，英国皇家学会院士，美国国家科学院外籍院士，英国皇家学会工艺院院士，生前是英国剑桥大学教授。史蒂芬·霍金 1942年1月8日出生于英国牛津，出生当天正好是现代科学之父伽利略逝世300年忌日。他的父亲弗兰克与母亲伊莎贝尔都就读于牛津大学，弗兰克主修医学，伊莎贝尔学习哲学、政治学和经济学。
斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金（Stephen William Hawking）无疑是一位伟大的科学巨匠。霍金在物理学和宇宙学领域作出了极为卓越的贡献。他的研究重点主要在黑洞和宇宙起源与演化等方面。他提出了黑洞会辐射能量的理论，这一理论极大地改变了人们对于黑洞的认知。尽管身患肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症（ALS），霍金却以顽强的意志和对科学的热爱，持续探索宇宙的奥秘，其著作《时间简史》更是让广大公众对宇宙学产生了浓厚的兴趣。霍金的成就不仅在于他的科学发现，更在于他克服巨大身体障碍追求真理的精神，激励着无数人勇攀科学高峰。他的思想和成就，将永远在科学的星空中闪耀。
黑洞蒸发理论和量子宇宙:论霍金正在这种一般人难以置信的艰难中，成为世界公认的引力物理科学巨人。霍金在剑桥大学任牛顿曾担任过的卢卡逊数学讲座教授之职，他的黑洞蒸发理论和量子宇宙论不仅震动了自然科学界，并且对哲学和宗教也有深远影响。
黑洞”理论:霍金希望解开宇宙诞生之时的奥秘，1970年代时，霍金将量子力学应用于解释黑洞现象，在之后的30年中，用量子力学解释整个宇宙已经变得更加困难了。霍金想找到一套可以完美解释整个宇宙现象的理论来说明137亿年诞生直到现在的宇宙。
霍金正在这种一般人难以置信的艰难中，成为世界公认的引力物理科学巨匠。霍金在剑桥大学任牛顿曾担任过的卢卡逊数学讲座教授之职，他的黑洞蒸发理论和量子宇宙论不仅震动了自然科学界，并且对哲学和宗教也有深远影响。从宇宙大爆炸的奇点到黑洞辐射机制，霍金对量子宇宙论的发展作出了杰出的贡献。他的目标是解决从牛顿以来一直困扰人类的“第一推力”问题。他的宇宙模型是一个封闭的无边界的有限的四维时空——不需要上帝的第一推力，宇宙的演化完全取决于物理定律。20世纪70年代他与彭罗斯一道证明了著名的奇性定理，为此他们共同获得了1988年的沃尔夫物理奖。他因此被誉为继爱因斯坦之后世界上最著名的科学思想家和最杰出的理论物理学家。凭一本薄薄的《时间简史》征服了全世界3000万读者。黑洞理论使量子论和热力学在“霍金辐射”中得到完美统一，而他在20世纪80年代提出的无边界设想的量子宇宙论，解决了困扰科学界几百年的“第一推动”问题。2、“黑洞”理论霍金希望解开宇宙诞生之时的奥秘，1970年代时，霍金将量子力学应用于解释黑洞现象，在之后的30年中，用量子力学解释整个宇宙已有点困难了。
霍金还有以下一些重要的理论和发现：1. 面积定理：黑洞的表面积只会增加，不会减少。麻省理工学院的天体物理学家对2015年著名的双黑洞并合事件GW150914数据进行分析后，证实了该定理。2. 黑洞信息悖论：霍金辐射理论提出黑洞会辐射能量，这意味着坠入黑洞的物质所携带的信息完全丢失，违背了量子力学的时间反演属性。霍金本人认为黑洞周围有一些零能量粒子云，这些信息就储存在其中，但这也只是解释该悖论的几种假说之一，尚未得到证实。3. 原初黑洞：霍金认为在宇宙早期，由于物质密度过高，有些物质可直接坍缩成黑洞，其质量可以非常小，甚至不足1克。不过根据霍金辐射理论，小黑洞会很快完全蒸发，稍大一些的原初黑洞或许可能存在于当今宇宙中，但目前还无法观测到。4. 多元宇宙：霍金在晚年思考了多元宇宙的问题。他提出了一个新的数学框架，虽没有完全否认多元宇宙的存在，但至少证明了宇宙的数量不会是无限的，不过该理论似乎也很难在短期内被验证。5. 奇性定理：这是霍金与彭罗斯一起证明的关于广义相对论的定理，该定理表明在宇宙时空中必然存在奇点。霍金的研究工作深刻地影响了人们对宇宙的理解，他的理论和发现激发了科学界对黑洞、宇宙起源等领域的深入探索。
霍金的爱情与婚姻经历较为曲折。他的第一任妻子是简·怀尔德（Jane Wilde）。在霍金被诊断出患有肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症时，简依然选择与他结婚，并给予了他生活上的照顾和精神上的支持。他们育有三个孩子。然而，随着时间的推移，生活的压力和性格等方面的差异，使得他们的婚姻最终走向破裂。后来，霍金与他的护士伊莱恩·梅森（Elaine Mason）结婚。但这段婚姻也并不顺遂，最终以离婚收场。尽管霍金的婚姻经历充满波折，但他在科学研究道路上的成就，以及他面对疾病和生活困境时所展现出的顽强精神，仍然令人钦佩和敬仰。
The Great Physicist and Cosmologist Stephen Stephen William Hawking (January 8, 1942—March 14, 2018) was born in Oxford, England. He was a theoretical physicist, cosmologist, scientific thinker, academician of the Royal Society, foreign academician of the National Academy of Sciences, and academician of the Institute of Technology of the Royal Society. Before his death, he was a professor at Cambridge University in England. Stephen hawking was born in Oxford, England on January 8, 1942, which happened to be the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo, the father of modern science. His father Frank and his mother Isabel both studied at Oxford University. Frank majored in medicine, while Isabel studied philosophy, politics and economics. Stephen William Hawking is undoubtedly a great master of science. Hawking has made outstanding contributions in the fields of physics and cosmology. His research focuses on black holes and the origin and evolution of the universe. He put forward the theory that black holes can radiate energy (that is, "Hawking radiation"), which greatly changed people's cognition of black holes. Despite suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Hawking continued to explore the mysteries of the universe with tenacious will and love for science, and his book A Brief History of Time made the general public have a strong interest in cosmology. Hawking's achievement lies not only in his scientific discovery, but also in his spirit of overcoming huge physical obstacles and pursuing truth, which has inspired countless people to climb the scientific peak bravely. His thoughts and achievements will always shine in the starry sky of science. Black hole evaporation theory and quantum universe: Hawking is becoming a world-recognized giant in gravitational physics under such incredible difficulties. Hawking held the post of Lucson Professor of Mathematics in Cambridge University. His black hole evaporation theory and quantum cosmology not only shocked the natural science, but also had a far-reaching impact on philosophy and religion. Black hole theory: Hawking hopes to solve the mystery of the birth of the universe. In the 1970s, Hawking applied quantum mechanics to explain the phenomenon of black holes. In the next 30 years, it has become more difficult to explain the whole universe with quantum mechanics. Hawking wants to find a set of theories that can perfectly explain the whole phenomenon of the universe to explain the universe since its birth in 13.7 billion years. Hawking is becoming a world-recognized master of gravitational physics in this incredible difficulty for ordinary people. Hawking held the post of Lucson Professor of Mathematics in Cambridge University. His black hole evaporation theory and quantum cosmology not only shocked the natural science, but also had a far-reaching impact on philosophy and religion. From BIGBANG's singularity to black hole radiation mechanism, Hawking has made outstanding contributions to the development of quantum cosmology. His goal is to solve the "first thrust" problem that has been puzzling mankind since Newton. His model of the universe is a closed and borderless finite four-dimensional space-time-without the first thrust of God, the evolution of the universe depends entirely on the laws of physics. In 1970s, together with Penrose, he proved the famous singularity theorem, for which they jointly won the 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics. He is therefore known as the most famous scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein. Conquered 30 million readers all over the world with a thin "A Brief History of Time". The black hole theory makes quantum theory and thermodynamics perfectly unified in Hawking radiation, and the quantum cosmology without boundary idea put forward by him in the 1980s solved the "first push" problem that puzzled the scientific community for hundreds of years. 2. "Black hole" theory Hawking hopes to solve the mystery of the birth of the universe. In the 1970s, Hawking applied quantum mechanics to explain the phenomenon of black holes. In the next 30 years, it was a bit difficult to explain the whole universe with quantum mechanics. Hawking also has the following important theories and discoveries: 1. Area theorem: the surface area of a black hole will only increase, not decrease. Astrophysicists at MIT confirmed this theorem after analyzing the data of the famous double black hole merger event GW150914 in 2015. 2. The information paradox of black holes: Hawking radiation theory puts forward that black holes will radiate energy, which means that the information carried by the matter falling into black holes is completely lost, which violates the time reversal property of quantum mechanics. Hawking himself thinks that there are some zero-energy particle clouds around black holes, and this information is stored in them, but this is only one of several hypotheses to explain this paradox, which has not been confirmed. 3. Original black hole: Hawking believes that in the early universe, due to the high density of matter, some matter can directly collapse into a black hole, and its mass can be very small, even less than 1 gram. However, according to Hawking's radiation theory, small black holes will evaporate completely soon, and slightly larger original black holes may exist in today's universe, but they cannot be observed at present. 4. multiverse: Hawking thought about multiverse in his later years. He put forward a new mathematical framework, which did not completely deny the existence of multiverses, but at least proved that the number of universes would not be infinite, but the theory seems to be difficult to be verified in a short time. 5. Singularity Theorem: This is the theorem of general relativity proved by Hawking and Penrose, which shows that there must be singularities in cosmic space-time. Hawking's research work has profoundly influenced people's understanding of the universe, and his theories and discoveries have inspired the scientific community to deeply explore black holes, the origin of the universe and other fields. Hawking's love and marriage experience is rather tortuous. His first wife was Jane Wilde. When Hawking was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Jane still chose to marry him and gave him life care and spiritual support. They have three children. However, with the passage of time, the pressure of life and differences in personality made their marriage finally break down. Later, Hawking married his nurse Elaine Mei Sen. But this marriage didn't go smoothly, and it ended in divorce. Although Hawking's marriage experience is full of twists and turns, his achievements in scientific research and his indomitable spirit in the face of illness and life difficulties are still admirable and admirable.
